Morphological Effects of Cigarette Smoking on Respiratory System and Related Functions Based on AQPs Expression

SUMMARY: A great deal of attention of air pollution on respiratory health is increasing, particularly in relation to haze days. It is that exposure to cigarette smoke augments the toxicity of common air contaminants, thereby increasing the complexity of respiratory diseases. Although there are various mechanisms involved to respiratory diseases caused or worsen by cigarette smoking, in which the role of AQPs in the lung with regard to fluid homeostasis still remains elusive. In this paper, we copied the rat models based on smoke generator, and investigated the morphological changes of mucosa and related functions depending on the balance of lining liquid of alveoli via AQPs expression. Compared with normal group, weak labelling of AQP1 and AQP5 protein abundance were clearly detected in the corresponding part of smoke exposure groups compared with normal group. Hence, it is suggested that the contribution of AQPs in the lung is diminished, thereby causing perturbed balancing between resorptive and secretory fluid homeostasis under cigarette smoking.

Cada vez se presta más atención a la contaminación del aire en la salud respiratoria, particularmente, en relación con los días de neblina. En consecuencia la exposición al humo del cigarrillo aumenta la toxicidad de los contaminantes comunes del aire, lo que además aumenta la complejidad de las enfermedades respiratorias. Aunque existen varios mecanismos involucrados en las enfermedades respiratorias causadas o empeoradas por el tabaquismo, en las que el papel de las AQP en el pulmón respecto a la homeostasis de líquidos sigue siendo difícil de alcanzar. En este artículo, copiamos los modelos de rata basados en el generador de humo e investigamos los cambios morfológicos de la mucosa y las funciones relacionadas según el equilibrio del líquido de revestimiento de los alvéolos a través de la expresión de AQP. En comparación con el grupo normal, se detectó claramente un etiquetado débil de la abundancia de proteínas AQP1 y AQP5 en la parte correspondiente de los grupos de exposición al humo en comparación con el grupo control. Por lo tanto, se sugiere que la contribución de las AQP en el pulmón está disminuida, provocando así un equilibrio perturbado entre la homeostasis del líquido secretor y de reabsorción bajo el hábito de fumar cigarrillos.

Preliminary development of Health Literacy Evaluation Scale for Pupils / 中国学校卫生

Objective@#To preliminarily develop Health Literacy Scale for pupils, providing a tool for dynamic monitoring and related health literacy research among pupils.@*Methods@#Through policy and literature review, the health literacy evaluation index system of pupils was established. Through two rounds of expert consultation, the evaluation index system and scale item pool of three levels in primary school were formed, and "Evaluation Scale 1.0" was developed. Through two panel discussions, health education experts, teachers and students were invited to provide advices on the content, expression and structure of scale 1.0, turning it into "Evaluation Scale 2.0", and completing the preliminary development of the scale.@*Results@#The health literacy assessment index system of primary school students includes three levels，including level-1 was Grade 1-2, level-2 was Grade 3-4,level-3 was Grade 5-6, covering two level indexes. The scale for primary school students contained five horizontal dimensions and four vertical dimensions. In the Delphi consultation, the response rate was 100%, and the authority coefficient was 0.85. After item selection and modification, the final version of level-1, level-2 and level-3 scales contained 36, 44 and 50 items respectively.@*Conclusion@#The development of Health Literacy Evaluation Scale for pupils has high applicability and practical value.

Research status and progress of health literacy for children and adolescents / 中国学校卫生

Abstract@#Improving health literacy can effectively reduce the risk of health risk behaviors and adverse health outcomes in children and adolescents. Global research on health literacy of children and adolescents has been increasing in recent years. The paper reviews the existing research and proposes that there is no universal definition and connotation of health literacy for children and adolescents, most of the studies use or make some revisions on the definition of adult health literacy in child and adolescent health literacy, failing to consider developmental characteristics and unique health needs of children and adolescents. Moreover, the assessment index system and instruments are diversified, making the research findings from different studies difficult to compare, and to obtain consistent and reliable conclusions. Future endeavors are encoouraged to expand health literacy researches and to update more comprehensive and practical definition, and to develop a standardized assessment instrument that can be validated in Chinese culture.

Knowledge of comprehensive sexuality education and influencing factors among junior high school teachers / 中国学校卫生

Objective@#To understand knowledge of comprehensive sexuality education and its associated factors among junior high school teachers in six provinces in China, in order to provide a scientific basis for teacher training.@*Methods@#From June to December 2021, a convenience sampling method was used to select 1 016 junior high school teachers from Beijing, Chongqing, Liaoning, Sichuan, Yunnan and Guangdong provinces. A structured questionnaire was used to investigate teachers knowledge of comprehenswe sexuality education. Binary Logistic regression was used to analyze the related influencing factors of the knowledge of comprehensive sexuality education among junior high school teachers.@*Results@#The study showed that the knowledge rate of comprehensive sexuality education among middle school teachers was 58.1%, and the knowledge rate was higher in teachers who had conducted sexuality education to students( χ 2=9.42, P <0.01). The percentage of the correct answer on the prevention and control of sexually transmitted diseases(26.0%), the impact of inequality on love relationships( 33.6 %), and the impact of mass media on sexual cognition(68.8%) was the lowest. Regardless of whether they had implemented sexuality education for students, the knowledge and awareness rate of sexual knowledge among biology teachers, school doctors/health teachers and mental health teachers was higher( OR=2.32, 4.17, P <0.05).@*Conclusion@#Knowledge of comprehensive sexuality education among middle school teachers still needs to be improved. It is advisable to strengthen the training of comprehensive sexuality education for middle school teachers and focus on teachers of subjects related to comprehensive sexuality education.

The joint influence of subjective social status and life skill level on adolescent health risk behaviors / 中国学校卫生

Abstract@#Subjective social status and life skill level are important influencing factors of adolescent health risk behaviors, and they interact with each other and jointly act on adolescent health risk behaviors, which make the mechanism of adolescent health risk behaviors become more diverse and complex. The current paper reviews the correlations among subjective social status, life skill level and adolescent health risk behaviors, in order to explore the joint influence of subjective social status and life skill level on adolescent health risk behaviors, then provides future directions for exploring possible mechanisms, and proposes recommendations for effective prevention strategies of adolescent health risk behaviors.

Implementation of the healthy school construction plan to promote students health and well being / 中国学校卫生

Abstract@#With the development of society, the health and well being of children and adolescents are receiving increasing attention from the government and scholars. The implementation of the health (promoting) school construction plan has a significant effect on promoting students health and well being, which is especially important in the normalized stage of COVID-19 epidemic prevention and control. The study summarizes the importance of health (promoting) schools for students health and well being, reviews the development of health (promoting) school construction in China, and proposes countermeasures and recommendations to further promote health (promoting) school construction in China in the light of the new era.

Alleviating Japanese encephalitis virus infection with multiple receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor sunitinib / 中国热带医学

@#Abstract: Objective　To evaluate the effects of sunitinib on Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) infection in vitro and vivo. Methods　The 4-week-old BALB/c mice infected with JEV by intraperitoneal injection. The infected mice were treated with sunitinib for 5 days and 10 days respectively. After that, the change of weight and survival rate were evaluated continuously. The viral load variation in mice brain were detected by qRT-PCR. Indirect immunohistochemical staining assay (IFA) was used to detect the number and distribution of CD4+/CD8+T cells in mouse brain. IFA was also used to observe the expression of virus E protein in the brain of mice. Vero cells were infected with JEV in vitro and given a certain concentration of sunitinib to observe the cell survival status. The expression of virus E protein in cells was detected by IFA. Results　Continuous administration of sunitinib significantly improved the survival rate of infected mice. Survival rate and body weight changes showed that the 5-day's administration strategy was significantly better than the 10-day's administration strategy. The treatment of sunitinib decreased the infiltration of CD4+/CD8+T cells in the brain and reduced the changes of vascular sleeve. However, the variation of viral load and E protein expression in brain were not obvious. The cytopathic effect (CPE) of infected Vero cells were slightly relieved after giving sunitinib, and the expression of E protein was also slightly changed. Conclusion　Sunitinib can significantly reduce the mortality of infected mice, and the 5-day's administration strategy is significantly better than the 10-day's administration strategy. Sunitinib decrease T lymphocyte infiltration in brain of mice, relieve the encephalitis symptoms ,and prolonged the life of mice.

Comprehensive sexuality education knowledge and associated factors among middle school students / 中国学校卫生

Objective@#To understand comprehensive sexuality education knowledge among junior high school students in China, and to analyze relevant influencing factors to provide scientific basis for the implementation of school based sexuality education or comprehensive sexuality education in the future.@*Methods@#By using convenient sampling method, a cross sectional survey was conducted among 4 545 students at grade 1 to grade 3 from junior middle schools in Beijing, Liaoning, Sichuan, Chongqing, Yunnan, Henan, using an online electronic questionnaire during September to October 2021. The questionnaire included general demographic information, subjective social status, sex education received at home and school, bullying, as well as knowledge, attitude, practice and needs towards comprehensive sexuality education.@*Results@#The average score of the comprehensive sexuality education knowledge was (12.21±3.10) points, which was converted to (71.82±18.21) points based on the percentage based system. The scores varied by grade, sex and sexuality education setting, significantly higher in grade 3 students (12.69±2.99), girls (12.28±3.01) ( P < 0.01), and students who have received sex education at home (12.67±2.88) and students who received sex education at school (12.63±2.91), as well as those who had actively searched for sex information online had a higher score (12.71±2.94) ( t =35.10, 28.78, 10.55, P <0.01).Further analysis using multiple linear regression and Logistic regression, "whether you have received sex education at home" "whether you have received sex education at school" "whether you have searched the Internet actively" and "whether it is necessary to carry out comprehensive sex education" are still correlated with the score of comprehensive sex education knowledge; "self reported bullying" was still associated with "subjective social status" score, correct rate of question 2, and "shyness and inferiority toward the development of secondary sexual characteristics" ( P <0.01).@*Conclusion@#The current comprehensive sexuality education knowledge among junior high school students needs to be improved. The level of implementation of sexuality education in different settings varies, but the implementation of sexuality education in schools can help improve students comprehensive sexuality education knowledge level.

Development of Infectious Disease Prevention Health Literacy Scale for Chinese Middle School Students / 中国学校卫生

Objective@#To preliminarily develop the Infectious Disease Prevention Health Literacy Scale for Chinese Middle School Students, as an important measuring tool for assessment of comprehensive abilities in infectious disease prevention of Chinese middle school students.@*Methods@#The basic dimensional framework and item pool were established by literature review in the view of public health. Then Delphi method was used to modify the framework and item pool to scale 1.0. Panel discussion in middle school students was used to adjust the expression and structure of scale 1.0, turning it into scale 2.0. With the confirmation of theory experts subjects, the scale was preliminarily developed.@*Results@#Literature review suggested that the basic dimension framework included five longitudinal dimensions and seven horizontal dimensions. According to Delphi method ( n =18), the Kendall s coefficient of concordance ( W ) of the scale was equal to 0.14 ( P <0.01), the average importance, proportion of full marks, coefficient of variation and weight coefficient of all dimensions and items met the inclusion criteria. According to panel discussion, the scale was finally adjusted into scale 2.0 with 53 items. @*Conclusion@#This study preliminarily established the Infectious Disease Prevention Health Literacy Scale for Chinese Middle School Students, which might be applied in both scientific research and practical use.

Visualization analysis of lecithin in drugs based on electrochemiluminescent single gold microbeads / 药物分析学报

Fast and high-throughput determination of drugs is a key trend in clinical medicine.Single particles have increasingly been adopted in a variety of photoanalytical and electroanalytical applications,and microscopic analysis has been a hot topic in recent years,especially for electrochemiluminescence (ECL).This paper describes a simple ECL method based on single gold microbeads to image lecithin.Lecithin reacts to produce hydrogen peroxide under the successive enzymatic reaction of phospholipase D and choline oxidase.ECL was generated by the electrochemical reaction between a luminol analog and hydrogen peroxide,and ECL signals were imaged by a camera.Despite the heterogeneity of single gold microbeads,their luminescence obeyed statistical regularity.The average luminescence of 30 gold microbeads is correlated with the lecithin concentration,and thus,a visualization method for analyzing lecithin was established.Calibration curves were constructed for ECL intensity and lecithin concentra-tion,achieving detection limits of 0.05 mM lecithin.This ECL imaging platform based on single gold microbeads exhibits outstanding advantages,such as high throughput,versatility and low cost,and holds great potential in disease diagnostics,environmental monitoring and food safety.

Immunohistochemical identification of AQP1 in livers of the high-fat diet rats / Identificación inmunohistoquímica de AQP1 en hígados de ratas con dieta de alto contenido de grasa

One of the key functions of the hepatobiliary system is bile formation. Aquaporins (AQPs) are likely to play a role in water transport that is essential for appropriate hepatobiliary tract function. The increasing prevalence of fatty liver parallels the rise of obesity and its complications over the past several decades. In this paper, general morphology observation, histopathology and AQP1 immunohistochemical expression were observed in livers of the high-fat diet (HFD) rats. For the liver of HFD rats, immunolight microscopy revealed weak labeling of AQP1 on the surface of central veins and liver sinusoid compared with the normal diet (ND) rats. It was suggested that bile secreted by the liver of HFD rats was maybe abnormal, thereby causing abnormalities in the composition and secretion of bile. However, the deeper understanding of mechanisms involved to the fatty liver is still unclear, in particular AQPs in the liver of obesity, additional studies would be required to study the signalling cascades involved in these processes.

Una de las funciones clave del sistema hepatobiliar es la formación de bilis. Es probable que las acuaporinas (AQP) desempeñen un papel en el transporte de agua que es esencial para la función apropiada del tracto hepatobiliar. En las últimas décadas, la creciente prevalencia de hígado graso es paralela al aumento de la obesidad y sus complicaciones. En este trabajo, se identificaron características morfológicas generales, histopatología y expresión inmunohistoquímica de AQP1 en hígados de ratas con dieta rica en grasas (DRG). En el hígado de ratas con DRG, la expresión inmunohistoquímica determinó un marcaje débil de AQP1 en la superficie de las venas centrales y del sinusoide hepático en comparación con las ratas de dieta normal (DN). Se sugirió que la bilis secretada por el hígado de ratas con DRG era tal vez anormal, lo que causaba anomalías en la composición y secreción de la bilis. Sin embargo, se necesita un conocimiento mayor de los mecanismos involucrados en el hígado graso, en particular de las AQP y se requieren estudios adicionales para determinar las cascadas de señalización involucradas en estos procesos.

Renal expression of AQP1 in the high-fat nutritional obesity of rat / Expresión renal de AQP1 en la obesidad nutricional alta en grasas en ratas

AQP1 plays an essential role in maintaining body water balance. In the kidney, AQP1 is localized to the apical and basolateral membrane of epithelial cells in the proximal tubule and descending thin limb of Ansa nephroni (Henle's loop) where it reabsorbs the vast majority of filtered water. The growing epidemic of obesity and metabolic diseases particularly obesity-related kidney disease is getting more and more attention in this century. However, a full understanding of mechanisms involved to the progressive renal disease is still unclear, in particular AQPs in the kidney of obesity. In this paper, we examined the localization of AQP1 in renal cortex and medulla of ND (normal diet) and HFD (high-fat diet) at rats. In the renal cortex and medulla, immunolight microscopy revealed weak expression of AQP1 in the apical and basolateral membrane of epithelial cells at the proximal straight/convoluted tubule of HFD compared with ND, respectively. The same result was confirmed in the thick descending limb and descending thin limb of Henle's loop. In the high-fat nutritional obesity of rats, decreased AQP1 levels may not directly cause serious obesity-related kidney disease, e.g. chronic kidney disease, even end-stage renal disease. But at least, AQPs (AQP1 in this study) was one of initially conditions to the incentive of obesity-related kidney disease.

Las acuoporinas tipo 1 (AQP1) constituyen una parte esencial en el mantenimiento del equilibrio del agua en el cuerpo. En el riñón, la AQP1 se localiza en la membrana apical y basolateral de las células epiteliales, en el túbulo proximal y en el segmento descendente del Ansa nephroni o asa nefrónica (asa de Henle), donde reabsorbe la gran mayoría de agua filtrada. La creciente epidemia de obesidad y enfermedades metabólicas en el siglo actual, hacen que la enfermedad renal relacionada con la obesidad esté recibiendo cada vez más atención. Sin embargo, aún no existe un conocimiento definitivo de los mecanismos implicados en la enfermedad renal progresiva, en particular los relacionados a las acuoporinas renales en la obesidad. En este trabajo, examinamos la localización de AQP1 en la corteza y la médula renales de la dieta normal (DN) y dieta alta en grasa (DAG) en ratas. En la corteza y médula renales, la microscopía de luz reveló una expresión débil de AQP1 en la membrana apical y basolateral de las células epiteliales en el túbulo contorneado proximal del grupo DAG en comparación con el grupo DN, respectivamente. El mismo resultado se confirmó en la porción descendente gruesa y en la porción descendente delgada del asa nefrónica. En ratas del grupo DAG, la disminución de los niveles de AQP1 pudo no ser la causa directa de una enfermedad renal grave relacionada con obesidad, como por ejemplo, enfermedad renal crónica, o una enfermedad renal terminal. No obstante, en este estudio, la expresión renal de AQP1 constituyó una de las condiciones iniciales para inducir la enfermedad renal relacionada con obesidad.

Expression of V2R and AQPs in the renal medulla of high-fat nutritional obesity of rat / Expresión de V2R y AQPs en la médula renal de ratas con obesidad nutricional alta en grasas

Recent evidence has indicated that adipose tissue produces bioactive substances that contribute to obesity-related kidney disease, altering the renal function and structure. Eight of the AQPs are expressed in the kidney, where several of them contribute to water absorption and maintenance of body water balance. In the study, we mainly examined the localization of AQP2, AQP3 and V2R in renal medulla of Normal Diet (ND) and High-fat Diet (HFD) of rats, respectively. In renal medulla of HFD, immunolight microscopy revealed weak expression of AQP2 at the apical plasma membrane and intracellular vesicles of principal cells of the IMCD and OMCD. AQP3 and V2R expression also observed a decrease in immunolabelling in the IMCD and OMCD. It was suggested that excess lipid accumulation may lead to lipotoxicity and may be the major driver of organ dysfunction such as water reabsorption dysfunction, which may be resulted from abnormal response of rphan G-protein-coupled receptors in kidney.

La evidencia reciente ha indicado que el tejido adiposo produce sustancias bioactivas que contribuyen a la enfermedad renal relacionada con la obesidad, alterando la función y la estructura renal. Ocho de los AQP se expresan en el riñón, donde varios de ellos contribuyen a la absorción de agua y al mantenimiento del equilibrio hídrico corporal. En el estudio, examinamos principalmente la localización de AQP2, AQP3 y V2R en la médula renal de ratas con dieta normal (ND) y ratas con dieta alta en grasas (HFD). En la médula renal del grupo HFD, la microscopía electrónica de barrido reveló una expresión débil de AQP2 en la membrana plasmática apical y las vesículas intracelulares de las células principales de IMCD y OMCD. La expresión de AQP3 y V2R también observó una disminución en el inmunomarcador en IMCD y OMCD. Se sugiere que el exceso de acumulación de lípidos puede conducir a lipotoxicidad y ser el principal impulsor de la disfunción orgánica, como la disfunción de reabsorción de agua, que puede ser el resultado de la respuesta anormal de los receptores acoplados a proteína rphan G en el riñón.

Effects of dexmedetomidine for retrobulbar anesthesia in orbital ball implants after enucleation surgery.

Background: Dexmedetomidine (DEX) can prolong the duration of local anesthetics, but the use of retrobulbar DEX has not been fully elucidated. This study was designed to determine the effects of adding DEX to lidocaine‑bupivacaine for retrobulbar block in orbital ball implants after enucleation surgery. Materials and Methods: A total of 200 patients of both sexes aged 30–60 years of American Society of Anesthesiologists I and II, scheduled for orbital ball implants after enucleation surgery, were enrolled for the study. Patients were randomly assigned into one of the two groups: Control (n = 100) received lidocaine‑bupivacaine retrobulbar block, DEX (n = 100) received lidocaine‑bupivacaine plus 1 ug/kg DEX retrobulbar block. Hemodynamic data, duration of motor and sensory blocks, pain by visual analog scale, bispectral index (BIS), side effects, consumption of dezocine as a rescue analgesic, patient and surgeon satisfaction were recorded. Results: Duration of analgesia was prolonged in the DEX, compared with the control group ([258.35 ± 66.82 min] as [130.75 ± 29.52 min], [P < 0.05]). The median number of postoperative analgesic requests per patient during the first 24 h was decreased in the DEX group (P < 0.05). In the first 24 postoperative hours, DEX group consumed significantly less dezocine (P < 0.05). BIS values and mean arterial pressure remained lower in the DEX group, but within the safe range (P < 0.05). The side effect profile was similar between the two groups. Patients and surgeon satisfaction were higher in the DEX group (P < 0.05). Demographic characteristics were comparable in both groups (P > 0.05). Conclusion: Retrobulbar DEX reduces consumption of rescue analgesic, prolonged the duration of retrobulbar block, improved postoperative pain, provided better sedation effects, and increased patient and surgeon satisfaction after orbital ball implants after enucleation surgery.

Effect of Tiotropium Bromide on Expression of CD8+CD25+FoxP3+ Regulatory T Cells in Patients with Stable Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease / 华中科技大学学报（医学）（英德文版）

The expression of CDs+CD25+FoxP3+ regulatory T cells (CDs+Tregs) in the peripheral blood of patients with stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD),and the effect of muscarinic cholinergic receptor antagonist tiotropium bromide on the expression of CD8+Tregs were investigated.Twenty-three patients with moderate to severe stable COPD were enrolled in this study.All patients inhaled tiotropium bromide (18 μg daily) for 3 months.Before and after inhalation of tiotropium bromide,peripheral blood samples were collected from the patients,and T cells were labeled by three-color labeled monoelonal antibodies.Flow cytometry was used to detect the quantity and percentage of CD8+T cells,CD8+CD25+T cells,CD8+Tregs,CD4+T cells,CD4+CD25+T cells and CD4+CD25+FoxP3+ regulatory T cells (CD4+Tregs) respectively.The percentage of CD4+T cells was increased from (27.82±2.18)％ to (35.53±1.3)％ (t=3.20,P=0.004) in the peripheral blood of patients with stable COPD after inhalation of tiotropium bromide for 3 months,that of CD4+CD25+T cells was decreased from (10.03 ±1.42)％ to (4.21± 0.65)％ (t=3.78,P=0.001),and that of CD8+Tregs was increased from (8.41 ±1.68)％ to (21.34±4.20)％ (t=2.72,P=0.013).At baseline,CD8+T cells,CD8+CD25+T cells and CD4+Tregs were detectable in the peripheral blood,but no significant changes were observed after treatment.Linear correlation analysis revealed that the difference before and after treatment in CD4+T cells and CD4+CD25+T cells was negatively correlated with the ratio of change in CD8+Tregs before and after treatment (r=-0.61,P=0.013; r=-0.72,P=0.001 respectively).In the peripheral blood of patients with stable COPD,there was the expression of CD8+Tregs and CD4+Tregs.Muscarinic receptor antagonist,tiotropium bromide,can promote the amplification of CD4+T cells,inhibit the expression of CD25+T cells,and enhance the expression of CD8+Tregs.CD8+Tregs and CD4+Tregs can be used as new indicators to understand the immune status of patients.They are helpful in judging the treatment efficacy and disease immunophenotype.